Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
CBT works with our thoughts, feelings and behaviors. CBT therapists understand that by changing the way we think and act in the here-and-now, we can affect the way we feel. CBT can also be applied longitudinally to explore the origin of beliefs, rules and assumptions which shape an individual's world-view: this knowledge can then be used to drive change in the present. There are evidence-based CBT models (and associated treatment protocols) for a wide range of range of disorders, but CBT can also be used to formulate (conceptualize) cases individually.
CBT is an amalgam of behavioral and cognitive interventions guided by the principles of applied science. The behavioral interventions aim to decrease maladaptive behaviors and increase adaptive ones by modifying their antecedents and consequences and by behavioral practices that result in new learning. The cognitive interventions aim to modify maladaptive cognitions, self-statements or beliefs. The hallmark features of CBT are problem-focused intervention strategies that are derived from learning theory [as well as] cognitive theory principles. (Craske, 2009)
Formulation worksheets
Information sheets & useful tools
Assessment
- Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) Download from phqscreeners.com
- Montgomery & Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) veale.co.uk
- Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (Social Anxiety) Duke.edu
- Bern Inventory of Treatment Goals psy.unibe.ch
Formulation
- Case formulation in CBT presentation by Dr Caleb Lack caleblack.com
- Developing a cognitive formulation - by Dr Michael Free drmichaelfree.wordpress.com
- Dysfunctional assumptions ideas psychodelights.com
- CBT case formulation video by Aaron Beck beckinstituteblog.org
Cognitive therapy competence / adherence measures
- Assessment of Core CBT Skills (ACCS) - Muse, McManus, Rakovshik, Kennerley
- Website accs-scale.co.uk
- Manual accs-scale.co.uk
- Feedback form accs-scale.co.uk
- Cognitive Therapy Rating Scale (CTRS) - Young & Beck
- Scale beckinstitute.org archive.org
- Manual academyofct.org
- Revised Cognitive Therapy Scale (CTS-R) - James, Blackburn, Reichelt
- Scale ed.ac.uk archive.org
- Manual ed.ac.uk archive.org
Articles on CBT
- Arch, J. J., & Craske, M. G. (2009). First-line treatment: a critical appraisal of cognitive behavioral therapy developments and alternatives. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 32(3), 525-547 ] colorado.edu
- A therapists' guide to brief cognitive behavioral therapy by Cully & Teten mirecc.va.gov
- Cognitive and behavioral therapies (chapter) researchgate.net (click on 'view' then 'download')
There are a series of articles by Chris Williams and Anne Garland about their '5 areas approach' to CBT. This a branded form of CBT which aims to simplify some of the terminology to make it more accessible. It links in with the 'Living life to the full' resources. Some of the materials are available for free:
- A cognitive behavioral assessment model for use in everyday clinical practice rcpsych.org
- Overcoming reduced activity and avoidance - a five areas approach rcpsych.org
- Identifying and challenging negative thinking rcpsych.org
- Using the five areas cognitive-behavioral therapy model with psychiatric patients rcpsych.org